the following describe internal states of symptoms except
Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Add a comment. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. Treatment. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. 23. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Upset stomach and vomiting. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). A) managed care This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. 2. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. Thirst. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). . Delusions. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves.