moss side, manchester ethnicity

[23] In July 2014, St Mary's CE Junior and Infant School won the Times Educational Supplement national Primary School of the Year award.[66]. Moss Side E00026561 There has been considerable renovation of existing housing stock, such as local terrace housing and the Alexandra Park Estate, . [65], The area has five primary schools: Claremont Primary School, Devine Mercy RC Primary School, Holy Name RC Primary School, St Mary's CE Junior and Infant School and Webster Primary School. (COVID-19) pandemic affected people's choice of usual residence on Census [7][9] Aided by the work of Xcalibre, the Greater Manchester Police's task force, founded in 2004, and the multiagency Integrated Gang Management Unit, gang related shootings in the area have fallen by about 90% in recent years. The Moss Side Sports and Leisure Complex (north of Moss Lane West) was upgraded for the 2002 Commonwealth Games and has a gym and a variety of other sporting facilities. Explanation: Wards as at May 2022. Listen to Newsbeat live at 12:45 and 17:45 every weekday on BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra - if you miss us you can listen back here. In the mid 1990s the Alexandra Park estate was redeveloped and the street was redesigned and had its name changed to Westerling Way.[4]. Moss Side E00026559 It was friends coming together and creating music.. In February, 1,000 young black men were taken off the Metropolitan polices Trident gang matrix, after a review found they posed no or little risk of committing any violence. Although there has been a small village in the area for hundreds of years, Moss Side really started growing in the late 1800s as Manchester's cotton industry grew. Some assaulted Hafidah when they caught him, badly beating him. [1][2] Most members of the gang grew up on the westside of the Alexandra Park estate in Moss Side around Gooch Close (which is where the gang gets its name). In: CRESC seminar . They all denied being in a gang, even being one group of friends. Despite this growth, the White British ethnic group, only measured since 2001, remains the largest ethnic group in the city, accounting for 59% of the population. But this was also around the time when things began to change in the area. On 9 May, sales demand was reported as strong, with 60% of the properties having been sold. [1] Moss Side is bounded by Hulme to the north, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Rusholme and Fallowfield to the east, Whalley Range to the south, and Old Trafford to the west. [6] Gang members Colin Joyce and Lee Amos had been arrested in 2000, when they had been apprehended at their 'nerve centre' in a house in Moss Side, found with an 'extraordinary array of firearms'. Analysts trace the 1970s origins of Manchester's gang crime to social deprivation in the south-central part of the city Hulme, Longsight and Moss Side where the activity of the underground economy encouraged a trade in illegal narcotics and firearms contributing to Manchester's later nickname of "Gunchester". These gangs would carry on the rivalry with Doddington and Longsight Crew into the 2000s. a population per acre of 79.80) was more crowded than Moss Side (with 67.13 people per acre).15 The black leisure scene in Manchester Mosley and Ingham have suggested that African and West Indian clubs began to surface in the Moss Side area from the late 1930s.16 Several of these were identified with particular ethnic groups, which reflected the Now, three convicted of murder, Nathaniel Jay Williams, 17 at the time, Reanu Walters, then 18, and Durrell Goodall, then 19, are preparing an appeal to the Criminal Cases Review Commission, to contest the gang narrative constructed against them, and the evidence, including the video, presented to support it. Telephone: +44 1329 44 4972, Rank of local authority areas for population size in England, view the full Census 2021 first results dataset, download the data used in this article (XLSX, 138KB), download data from the 2011 Census (XLSX, 265KB). "It had a really strong working class community and identity," Dr Wildman tells Newsbeat. [33], The brewery was later acquired by Walker and Homfrays and merged into Wilsons in 1949. Young men would hang around a Shebeen on Gooch Close selling drugs which is where the gang started and how they got their name. Moss Side E00026570 Select from premium Moss Side of the highest quality. View the data as Q942.73Man. We were still working with them at the time, building up their CVs and looking at opportunities for them.. Moss Side E00026563 [42] The "Moss Side ward profile: Version 2010/1", produced by Manchester City Council, points to a significant shift in the demography of Moss Side, in terms of age structure, from the middle of the last decade and projected into the middle of this decade, with more in the under 10 and 2535 age groups, suggesting an increase in families with younger children. Moss Side E00175929 At the other end of the scale, Copeland has seen a fall of 5.0%. Moss Side Ward in North West England Population The population development of Moss Side as well as related information and services (Wikipedia, Google, images). In 2017, 11 Manchester teenagers were jailed for a total of 168 years for their part in a killing. Moss Side E00026232 Youth worker Kemoy Walker said he had been at another street party in Claremont Road - the same road where the shooting happened - on Saturday night. This population pyramid shows the population of males and females in each five-year age group at the time of the 2011 Census.The largest age group in the North West back then was those aged 45 to 49 years. Moss Side E00175815 1 0 obj Gooch Close was a small cul-de-sac of semi-detached houses with an alley at one end. The ethnic minority population, as measured by non-white residents, increased between 1991 and 2011 by 104,300 in Manchester. The group started to chase him, going across the traffic on Princess Parkway, the dual carriageway that bisects Moss Side, which was filmed on CCTV and shown in court. [49][50] The Caribbean Carnival of Manchester is also held in the area every August, usually in Alexandra Park. [58] With the aim of changing perceptions of the area, a group of local residents acting as 'community ambassadors' was also formed in January 2012. [7], In 1996, an offshoot gang was identified (Young Gooch) which gained a frightening reputation for the violence and guns its members used. Moss Side E00026551 x]6rW85s%Q\WW%/}+WFvs9} I@Y%w5d7 6ocQ?~SyeZPe_YU|?>WOo=R5E.$m?N4Ve)R#+6mq7.RKu)/+ RmX\#{T"~_Uo,edKO[cjs}zs}7W[@6m?n}7*R{s)ER6}0\RdZpE[z:`D?-Y#"}Ujx8BwiE/d{3TZVT;8i ePO.M*%tQ_WO* f-N+ O 5e-r$'|n!jm_GVDsKK4ym{~ 1$ [32], In 2003, Ducie Central High School was replaced by the independently run Manchester Academy, with the aim of overcoming barriers to education and achievement faced by young people in the community. Windrush Millennium Centre, which provides adult education and other community facilities, is situated on Alexandra Road. Ambulance crews had resorted to wearing body armour after having to deal with a string of mostly drug-related shootings. The number of people on the pitch, or the number of pitches for one person, changes as described in the text content. The teenagers were mostly at college, had good, even glowing character references, and were planning further study or work when the incident erupted. This angered the Gooch and a fierce war erupted, dividing the Alexandra Park estate in half, with the Gooch on the westside and the Pepperhill on the eastside. The map now highlights the areas with the largest decreases in children aged under 15 years. [59], The Millennium Powerhouse youth service caters for 8- to 25-year-olds and includes a music studio, fitness studio, dance studio, sports hall and offers information and advice to young people, including a library, along with recreational and sport groups. not add exactly.Changes over time have been calculated with Also advanced as evidence were some photographs and social media images, taken from thousands on the teenagers mobile phones, showing some of them making AO hand signals, and some with red imagery. new eczema treatment 2022 australia . "BBC - Manchester Have Your Say - A street guide to gangs in Manchester", "Ex-British Champ's Violent Attack Creates Fear of Turf War", "Xcalibre - A Brief Overview of Gangs in Greater Manchester", "Two of Britain's most dangerous gangsters face life in jail", "Gooch Gang members will be sentence for bringing 'murder and mayhem' to Manchester", "Leader of Manchester's Gooch Gang to serve at least 39 years in jail", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gooch_Close_Gang&oldid=1137035270, Pages using infobox criminal organization with ethnicity or ethnic makeup parameters, Pages using infobox criminal organization with rivals parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Moss Side E00026541 Throughout the 1970s and 80s, gang violence increased, which earned the area the nickname of "gunchester". The local authority areas displayed on the map change form and position to create a bar chart that orders selected areas of the North West by percentage change in total population. Its a nightmare; I cant fathom it.. I would not be lending my support if I thought they were all guilty. 8 &3< ~ V~3F)]i %XK'yzz"k2. =cJ},Edgwvwp&L>j*qra(#qJ?a>J?2 1HYF:=ySxy!r]9Q$n!DJ`heM>epyH~p}Q\a{t[ u@p:P"z>H$c4sF,oZuT//63:L3h]OB~},@!C\gyZV``Y7Ip_)Rcy+!n1fu8fn{\p)lTu.&4RU'\K@5#Br:U9v|T$ MMX[GR2N=m"\saAn2mya[@;-f"$VH^-?? Population change in certain areas may reflect how the coronavirus The gang they were alleged to be in was Active Only AO. Bridgewater Hospital, on Princess Road, is a private hospital that provides a range of healthcare treatments. Moss Side E00026569 The age group with the largest number of people is highlighted. The population pyramid changes to show the number of males and females in each age group as a percentage of the total population in England. We met early in the morning, everybody came on time, recalls Walker. Moss Side E00026548 In April 2016 Manchester eScholar was replaced by the University of Manchester's new Research Information Management System, Pure. All denied that they had any intention or idea that the chase of Hafidah would end in him being killed. This is higher than the overall. 3 0 obj A map of local authority areas in England is coloured to indicate the percentage change in population of each area. Moss Side E00026539 In December 2010, it was reported that this 'once failing school' was 'now named as one of [the] UK's best'. "It's another sign that some of the work in Moss Side - and neighbouring Hulme - is working.". Moss Side E00175808 Can Nigeria's election result be overturned? Now three are appealing amid claims that the investigation and trials were riddled with racism. A population pyramid is displayed. Most of the newer properties, built around the turn of the 20th century, were refurbished instead of demolished during the final two decades of the century. Some of the teenagers joined the chase and did nothing further. Moss Side E00026571 Deighton directly compared AO to Doddington, one of the gangs from a notorious previous era of drug-dealing and gun violence in Moss Side in the 1990s and early 2000s, saying they controlled similar territory. Of the 11 convicted, just one was still with Cantrill when he stabbed Hafidah. They came to the youth club from a young age and we did a lot of activities. The rap and video was entitled Active Only, or AO. The population of England and Wales has increased by more than 3.5 million in the 10 years leading up to Census 2021. Tower Hamlets saw the largest percentage growth in population in England, increasing 22.1% between 2011 and 2021. Angela Lawrence, a campaigner against Manchester gang violence in its era of notoriety, and a member of the police and crime panel for Greater Manchester Combined Authority, also supports the group, arguing that it was a racist, lazy prosecution. [25][26], Marketed as "Infusion Homes", the properties were launched on the market on 26 February 2011. Moss Side E00026555 A map shows the English regions and Wales. "It's those kinds of problems that lead to gang violence, because there's a chasm there. Bookmarkable (non-Javascript) URL for this data:http://www.ukcensusdata.com/moss-side-e05000710/ethnic-group-ks201ew, Shorter URL (suitable for pasting into email or Usenet posts):http://ukcensusdata.com/a-e05000710/b-ks201ew, Contains National Statistics data Crown copyright and database right 2012, Contains Ordnance Survey data Crown copyright and database right 2012. "The gun violence continued into the 90s," says Dr Wildman. The original St James's Church (Church of England), Princess Road, was built in 188788 (architect John Lowe): of red brick in the Perpendicular revival style. Most of their problems occurred when rival street dealers started to move into territory already controlled by a gang or when a gang 'taxed' a rival dealer - a move seen as damaging street credibility and respect. Christ Church, Lloyd Street North, is an Anglican church of 18991904 by W. Cecil Hardisty and is a Grade II* listed building as of 24 April 1987. RACIAL tensions have eased considerably in one of Manchester's most ethnically diverse areas, according to researchers. They were not one close-knit group of friends, they say; some were more engaged with music three had been in the AO video, in non-rapping, peripheral appearances others had grown keener on playing football, including two dedicated enough to play semi-professionally. They argue that rather than charging participants in chaotic, spontaneous violent incidents for offences according to their actions, collective prosecutions have led to black youths serving hundreds of years inside for crimes they just didnt commit. [57] The 'meanwhile garden' on the site of the former bus depot is currently being turned into an apple orchard. VideoRussian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, Xi Jinping's power grab - and why it matters, Snow, Fire and Lights: Photos of the Week. +!Rn+Es2Mw [13], Many of the flats in neighbouring Hulme were demolished in the early 1990s to make way for new low rise homes. Five of its members were later arrested following Operation Eagle and were sentenced to more than 43 years in prison. Dr Wildman says that throughout the 1950s and 60s Moss Side was "a flourishing suburb where diversity is celebrated". More recently, in 2021, the largest age group in the North West was those aged 50 to 54 years. The Gypsy or Irish Traveller group had its The northern England office of Aquatech Pressmain, which specialises in the 'supply of fluid pumping equipment to the Building Services, Process and Water Industries',[41] is located in Moss Side. [10][11][12], In April 1994, The Independent newspaper highlighted Moss Side as one of the most deprived areas on Britain, and as having some of the highest crime rates. The average for England and Wales is 3.6, with the most diverse wards in parts of inner London where the value is as high as 50. Research published in January 2016 by Patrick Williams and Becky Clarke, senior lecturers at Manchester Metropolitan University, also argued that the gang narrative is racist. But also with the lack of community, you don't have those informal barriers in place that stop anti-social behaviour.". Home; Brands; Category; About us; Contact us; Need help? Abdul Hafidah was stabbed to death by Devonte Cantrill but 10 others were also convicted of his murder. "Anthony Burgess". [49] Additionally, the Somali Bravanese Sisters and the Polish School Manchester cater to the Somali and Polish communities, respectively. moss side, manchester ethnicity. Moss Side has historically had a reputation for being a. That's Moss Side, that's the culture. In 1981, tensions broke into violent riots between Moss Side residents and the police. Moss Side E00176093. Our history dates back to the time of Henry VIII, when The Manchester Grammar School was founded in 1515 by Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, to provide 'godliness and good learning' to the poor boys of Manchester. The population in 1801 was 151 but by 1901 this had increased to 26,677. Migrants from the Indian subcontinent and Caribbean settled in the locality during the 1950s and 1960s, and by the 1980s Moss Side was the hub of Manchester's Afro-Caribbean community. Moss Side E00026537 Thought to be named after a great moss which stretched from Rusholme to Chorlton-cum-Hardy, the earliest mention of the area is in 1533 when it contained part of the estates of Trafford of Trafford. Openshaw said in his sentencing remarks that there was a long history of gang feuding and tit-for-tat violence, but the facts agreed in the trial by the prosecution and defence consisted of the rap video and four incidents. On an adjacent site was the Church of the New Age (founded 1923) and there was also in Raby Street the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Kensington and Chelsea had an estimated population of 143,400 in 2021, which was around 15,200 fewer than in 2011 and a decrease of 9.6%. The shoot had been arranged by Kemoy Walker, an. This website is now obsolete! More than 60 white, Caribbean, Somali and Asian people living in the area were interviewed during a two-year study commissioned by a leading charity after riots in Oldham, Bradford and Burnley in 2001. Ten members of south Manchester's Gooch gang were put on trial in October 2008 for a catalogue of gang-related crimes. People living in Moss Side, which experienced ugly race riots during the early 80s, told researchers they felt proud to live in a multi-ethnic neighbourhood. Updated 09:39, 13 JAN 2013. The built environment of Moss Side is broadly characterised as a high-density residential area. 2001, but Moss Side also has the largest rise (1,130 people) from the Other Ethnic Group, the majority of whom are from the Arab ethnic sub-group. As of 2021, Manchester is the most densely populated of the North West's 39 local authority areas, with around 34 people living on each football pitch-sized area of land. Moss Side E00026540 Although the gang war was centred around Moss Side, young males from neighbouring areas would be drawn into the conflict resulting in a number of deaths and regular shooting incidents in South Manchester throughout the 1990s and 2000s. The population pyramid turns into a horizontal bar chart, with bars representing the percentage change in the number of people of any sex in each five-year age group in England. The Gooch is part of an alliance of Crip gangs,[3] and has had violent disputes with many other South Manchester gangs, most notably The Doddington Gang (formerly known as the Pepperhill Mob), The Moss Side Bloods and The Longsight Crew. Follow Newsbeat on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter. In Manchester, the population size has increased by 9.7%, from around 503,100 in 2011 to 552,000 in 2021. endobj you will people from all walks of Liverpool multi ethnic . Touring the world with friends one mile and pub at a time; is heavenly gondola open today. Evidence of the gang affiliation of each individual defendant was considered carefully to see if it was relevant and used to show motive and to rebut any defences. Prosecution evidence was laid out before a jury during two trials and the jury returned their verdicts on the basis of the evidence heard. The report considers whether ethnic difference is a source of UKCensusdata.com has the 2011 census data for all English and Welsh local authorities, wards and output areas. [60][61] It has also in recent years seen the opening of several Somali cafes. [52][53], The Reno was a late night club at the junction of Princess Road and Moss Lane East in Moss Side. [42] Other sources indicate an accompanying change in Moss Side's ethnic population, with an estimated marked percentage increase in the Afro-Caribbean, Indian, Somali, Chinese and Eastern European communities between 2007 and 2015.[43][44][45]. In 1981, Openshaw suffered a horrific trauma when his father, Judge William Openshaw, was killed in a stabbing, by a man, John Smith, he had sentenced years before to borstal. The juries in the two trials convicted seven of the teenagers of murder; four more were convicted of manslaughter. [42] Moss Side is noted as an area with a greater population density and a faster population growth than other areas of the city of Manchester, with an increase of 17.4% between 2001 and 2007. of National Statistics as . Moss Side is in the local authority with the highest number of Universal Credit claimants in the area. However its capacity was gradually reduced over the years and by the mid-1990s it held just under 35,000spectators all seated. It shows the number males and females in each age group as a percentage of the total population for the North West in 2021. moss side, manchester ethnicity. In: Manchester College of Arts and Technology, The Condition of the Working Class in England, "City of Manchester Ward population 2011", "North West: Trying to banish 'Gunchester', "Gangsters squeezed out of Moss Side and Hulme move into Wythenshawe to recruit drug dealers", "Bus firm Stagecoach travels to new stop as century-old depot shuts", "Moss Cider brews community spirit in Manchester", "Infusion of enthusiasm in Moss Side, Manchester", "Moss Side housing project to be unveiled", "Buyers flock to Moss Side 17m regeneration scheme", "Winners of the Housing Excellence Awards 2011", "Housing Excellence Awards win for 'Infusion', "Consultation on Moss Side Bus Depot site tomorrow", "Pubs of Manchester: Walker & Homfrays, Salford", "Hydes in 2m move to Salford 18 jobs to go", "Sale of Hydes Brewery in Moss Side scuppers 1m 'green' power station plan", "Derived 2006-Based SNPP for 2011 StatWard percentages", "Derived 2006-Based SNPP for 2015 StatWard percentages", "Moss Side and Rusholme Local Plan Manchester City Council", "Moss Side Residents build a garden and a community", "Time is ripe for urban orchard on former Stagecoach depot site", "Ambassadors' Moss Side mission underway", "Indian Restaurants near Moss Side, Egremont", "Once-failing school now named as one of UK's best", "Teachers honoured in TES Schools Awards", Peoples historian becomes Manchester Professor, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moss_Side&oldid=1103434394, The political activist and women's suffrage leader, This page was last edited on 9 August 2022, at 17:26. The video, shot by a film student at Manchester Metropolitan University who had answered a call on the social network Instagram for somebody with the necessary skills, was the perfect project. Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. MP Lucy Powell says that similar cases involving groups of white youths are not tried in the same way as those involving black youths. She wrote to Openshaw that he was an exceptional role model whom, due to his articulate and intelligent approach, she had advised to apply for university. [54], Moss Side is also home to a population with a keen interest in green politics and sustainable living, with initiatives such as the Moss Cider Project and Carbon Co-op. But Monteith argues that the evidence to suggest AO was a real gang, let alone one that controlled territory, was thin. Moss Side E00026535 The map then zooms to centre on Manchester and show neighbouring areas. The School proceeded to build a reputation as one of the country's leading educational establishments, a position it still holds . The Reno and the Nile (upstairs from the Reno) were Manchester's most famous drinking clubs for the city's West Indian community and played a key role in the development of black culture in the city. "If you don't have a job, it causes more people to turn to crime. tagor villas ritz carlton, abama; daredevil main villains moss side, manchester ethnicity. $Z~Ftkfu{~!qO1`km=cmI 1. />@)%ZCgv= ;&P*@Zf$$X\ The Gooch Close Gang also known as the G.C.O.G's (Gooch Close Original Gangsters) or simply The Gooch in Manchester, is an organised crime group based in Moss Side and surrounding neighbourhoods of south Manchester, England. Manchester City F.C. Acne-sufferers cant go without skincare kit that clears spots in a week, And its currently got 40 per cent off saving shoppers nearly 30, Emotional scenes at Etihad as Man City fans and Phil Foden pay tribute to tragic Milly-Rose, 6, who died suddenly, The emotional display happened during the sixth minute of Manchester City vs Newcastle, How well do you really know Greater Manchester? [7] "Turf wars" between rival drugs 'gangs', resulted in a high number of fatal shootings. [9] Their trials were held 35 miles away at Liverpool Crown Court to lower the risk of witness intimidation from other gang members. [6] During what has been termed the Madchester phase of the history of Manchester, narcotic trade in the city became "extremely lucrative" and in the early 1990s a gang war started between two groups vying for control of the market in Manchester city centre the 'Cheetham Hill Gang' and 'The Gooch Close Gang', in Cheetham Hill and Moss Side, respectively. Its circumstances, that it was made as part of publicly funded projects to encourage young people to be involved in creativity, in which GMP itself had been a partner, were not presented at the trials. By the mid 2000s the Gooch had grown to become a vast gang made up of a number of smaller offshoot crews based around south Manchester. A shooting in Manchester's Moss Side area which injured 10 people is being investigated by the police as attempted murder. This has now been replaced by a modern brick building which also contains offices used by local community groups. The video organised by a youth worker, part-funded by the GMP was proof, according to the CPS, that Active Only was actually a violent gang that controlled territory in Manchester. The club would play there for the next 80 years.[5]. phL~Mz0$ZCs^0S4/`\[ O4tk@ /"zn: Who is on The Jonathan Ross Show tonight? Dartford was second, increasing 20.0%. How do 11 people go to jail for onemurder? Video, Russian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, US-made cheese can be called 'gruyere' - court, AOC under investigation for Met Gala dress, Saving Private Ryan actor Tom Sizemore dies at 61, The children left behind in Cuba's exodus, Walkie Talkie architect Rafael Violy dies aged 78, Alex Murdaugh's legal troubles are far from over, 'Sonic boom' heard as RAF jets escort plane. The call for a review of the case is supported by the local Labour MP, Lucy Powell, who argues that similar incidents involving groups of white teenagers are not similarly prosecuted, the academics Williams and Clarke, and Eithne Quinn, a senior lecturer at Manchester University who has appeared as a defence expert in cases where rap and drill music have been advanced as prosecution evidence. [12] Lee Amos was sentenced to receive at least 35 years. They should have brought in experts on the community., Walker, who knew several of the boys well, is also supportive, and particularly bewildered at the use of the rap video. Report author Maria Hudson said: "Practically all residents we spoke with expressed positive sentiments about living in a diverse neighbourhood in terms of the benefits of learning about other cultures and reducing fear and wariness of people from different cultural backgrounds.". In court, the defendant denied that conversation; in summing up Openshaw said the defendant had said AO meant nothing to him, but someone had told him earlier that AO was a gang. The area of each circle indicates the total population. Home England and Wales England North West Manchester Moss Side Ethnic Group Moss Side. A controversial legal mechanism, it holds all participants in a violent incident, however minor individual actions, equally guilty if they are found to have intentionally encouraged and assisted anybody who committed the most serious violence. moss side, manchester ethnicity. aZp3O8FNp2JD(7&o#$^3ur~_[Dtk "That lack of community contributed to the social problems that you see," she adds. However, interviewers - who were funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation - found different communities were more likely to mix at local pubs, five-a-side football pitches and other public spaces than ever before. The three are represented by Keir Monteith QC, from Garden Court chambers, whose barristers have forcefully argued that joint enterprise prosecutions, and portraying young black men as gang members, are based too often on racist stereotyping. Moss Side E00026558 Youth worker Kemoy Walker is bewildered as to why the rap video was used in court against the boys. The second largest ethnic minority group in Manchester is African, which has grown fourfold and faster than any other group since 1991. We made the video in the park it was quite cold and it was really good. [22], This article is about the area of Manchester.

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